Lundin Mining Announces Vicuña Integrated Technical Study Results Highlighting a World-Class Mining District
"The Study outlines a project that would rank among the top five copper, gold, and silver mines globally. A staged development approach provides a disciplined pathway to unlock the full value of the district, enabling sequenced capital deployment, effective risk management, and ongoing optimization while delivering substantial, long-life copper production growth over multiple decades.
"With the announcement on Thursday for commitments to upsize our credit facility to
Study Highlights
The development of the Vicuña district is envisioned in a staged approach. Stage 1 encompasses a sulphide mill and the Josemaria deposit, establishing an initial open pit mine and concentrator designed for future expansion to accelerate first production and early cash flow. Stage 2 builds on this foundation by developing the Filo del Sol leachable oxides and a corresponding SX/EW plant for copper, gold and silver recovery. Stage 3 represents the long-term maturation of the district through expansion of the concentrator and development of the Filo del Sol sulphide deposit, enabling peak, sustained production, positioning the Vicuña Project as a long-life, globally significant copper operation. Stage 3 also integrates key district infrastructure, including a desalination plant and associated pipeline, and return concentrate slurry pipeline, to support expansion of the district.
- Potential to be a top five copper, gold, and silver mine: Average annual production of 400,000 tonnes copper, 700,000 ounces ("oz") gold and 22 million ounces ("Moz") silver over the first 25 full years of operation.
- Peak production of +500 ktpa copper: Average production over a ten-year period of over 500,000 tonnes copper, 800,000 oz gold and 20 Moz silver or 800,000 tonnes copper equivalent1 ("CuEq").
- Multi-generational asset: Initial +70-year life of mine ("LOM"), producing approximately 22.3 million tonnes ("Mt") of copper, 37.2 Moz of gold and 763 Moz of silver.
-
First quartile cost profile: Average cash cost2 (net of by-product credits) per pound of copper of negative (
$0.20 /lb) and an all-in sustaining cost2 ("AISC") per pound of copper of$0.47 /lb (net of by-product credits) over the first 25 full years of operation. - Staged development: Enables Vicuña to incorporate ongoing optimization for the later phases of the Project, manage development risk and fund future development through operating cash flow.
-
Significant free cash flow: Average annual free cash flow2 of
$2.2 billion per year (after expansionary capital) during the first 25 full years of operation. - Leveraged to copper and gold: LOM revenue contribution of approximately 60% copper, 32% gold and 8% silver.
-
Capital intensity below
$30,000 /tonne CuEq: Stage 1 capital of$7.1 billion with an after-tax payback period of 8.4 years3 and an after-tax internal rate of return ("IRR") of 14.8% which includes all the stages. -
Resource growth: The updated Mineral Resource grew significantly compared to the previous estimate4
- Contained copper of 14 Mt Measured and Indicated ("M&I") and 32 Mt Inferred. An increase of 12% in contained M&I and 28% Inferred copper.
- Contained gold of 36 Moz M&I and 61 Moz Inferred. An increase of 12% contained M&I gold and 26% Inferred gold.
- Contained silver of 729 Moz M&I and 1,051 Moz Inferred. An increase of 11% M&I silver and 30% Inferred silver.
-
Base-case scenario that establishes a world-class project: Net present value ("NPV8%") of
$9.5 billion after-tax at$4.60 /lb copper,$3,300 /oz gold and$40 /oz silver.- Stage 1 is clearly defined providing a blueprint for initial development, ongoing studies on Stages 2 and 3 are expected to deliver further optimization.
-
At spot copper, gold and silver prices (
$6.00 /lb copper,$5,000 /oz gold and$80 /oz silver), the NPV8% increases to$28.8 billion and the IRR to 25.5% with a payback of 5.4 years.
|
_________________________________________________ |
The Study marks a significant milestone for the Company and our partner BHP, positioning us to make a potential sanctioning decision as early as year-end. Next steps include detailed design and engineering for Stage 1, ramp up of project readiness activities and upgrades to the access road, all of which will advance the Project toward long-life, high-quality copper production while unlocking value across the broader district.
Details of the Vicuña integrated technical study will be presented in a webcast conference call on
Webcast / Conference Call Details:
Date:
Time:
Listen only webcast: WEBCAST LINK
Dial In for Investor & Analyst Q&A: DIAL IN LINK
The Preliminary Economic Assessment was prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") standards on a 100% basis. The base case was completed at a copper price of
|
_____________________________________________________________ |
|
3 Initial capital from the start of 2027 and payback period from the start of 2030. |
|
4 See news release dated |
The PEA is preliminary in nature, it includes Inferred Mineral Resources that are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as Mineral Reserves, and there is no certainty that the Preliminary Economic Assessment will be realized. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.
Vicuña Study Details
Vicuña engaged a consortium of independent consultants, led by Fluor Corporation, a leading global engineering, procurement and construction management (EPCM) firm. Fluor provides professional and technical solutions across energy, chemicals, mining, infrastructure, and government sectors. The Study was supported by additional leading consultants with expertise in various fields, including
The Study envisions a conventional open pit mining and milling operation with a nominal initial nameplate processing capacity of 175,000 tonnes per day ("tpd") (approximately 64.0 million tonnes per annum "Mtpa"), with an anticipated expansion to 293,000 tpd (approximately 107.0 Mtpa). The Study evaluates the recovery of copper, gold, and silver through a conventional process plant that includes crushing, grinding, and flotation to produce a copper concentrate. In the initial years, the concentrator will be fed with mineralization from the Josemaria deposit and then transition over to mineralization from the Filo del Sol deposit providing higher grades. Oxide material overlaying the Filo del Sol deposit is treated separately via a two-stage heap leach process designed to recover copper-rich, copper–gold, and gold-rich minerals. The heap leach circuit will produce high-purity copper cathode and gold doré product.
Table 1. Summary of the Economic Metrics of the Vicuña Study
|
PEA Results Summary |
|
|
Copper price (base case) |
|
|
Gold price (base case) |
|
|
Silver price (base case) |
|
|
Exchange rate (ARS Peso to US Dollar) |
1,300:1 |
|
Peak annual copper production (10 yr avg.)* |
508 kt/yr |
|
Peak annual gold production (10 yr avg.)* |
801 koz/yr |
|
Peak annual silver production (10 yr avg.)* |
20.2 Moz/yr |
|
Average annual copper production (25 yrs)* |
395 kt/yr |
|
Average annual gold production (25 yrs)* |
711 koz/yr |
|
Average annual silver production (25 yrs)* |
22.2 Moz/yr |
|
Total copper production (LOM) |
22.3 Mt |
|
Total gold production (LOM) |
37.2 Moz |
|
Total silver production (LOM) |
763 Moz |
|
Mine life |
+70 years |
|
Stage 1 nominal concentrator throughput |
64.0 Mtpa | 175,000 tpd |
|
Stage 3 expanded nominal concentrator throughput |
107.0 Mtpa | 293,000 tpd |
|
Heap leach capacity (throughput) |
24.0 Mtpa |
|
Josemaria head grade (LOM) |
0.29% copper 0.19 g/t gold 1.1 g/t silver |
|
|
0.24% copper 0.28 g/t gold 17.9 g/t silver |
|
|
0.39% copper 0.27 g/t gold 4.6 g/t silver |
|
Josemaria average recovery (LOM) |
84.4% copper 63.7% gold 58.6% silver |
|
|
64.5% copper 56.7% gold 75.6% silver |
|
|
83.4% copper 59.5% gold 55.8% silver |
|
Average operating costs (LOM inc. expansion) |
Mining –
Concentrator & roaster –
Leaching –
Conc. freight -
G&A – |
|
Total average annual operating costs (LOM) |
|
|
Cash cost (LOM net of credits)* |
|
|
All-in Sustaining Cost (LOM net of credits)* |
|
|
Stage 1 Sulphide mill and Josemaria mine capital |
|
|
Stage 2 Filo Oxide capital |
|
|
Stage 3 Filo Sulphides and mill expansion capital |
|
|
Sustaining capital including capitalized stripping |
|
|
Average annual after-tax free cash flow |
|
|
NPV8% (after-tax) |
|
|
IRR (after-tax) |
14.8% (base case) |
*First 25 years of commercial production beginning in the first full year of operations. Peak production over a 10 year average includes years 16 to 25. Cash cost per pound of copper, operating costs per tonne milled, free cash flow, expansionary capital and AISC per pound of copper are non-GAAP financial measures and sustaining capital is a supplementary financial measure. Please see "Cautionary Note Regarding Non-GAAP Measures".
Table 2. Economic Sensitivities, NPV8% ($B) - Leverage to Copper and Gold Price 5
|
Copper / |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.25/lb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 3. Economic Sensitivities, IRR (%) - Leverage to Copper and Gold Price 4
|
Copper / |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.75/lb |
10.5 % |
11.5 % |
12.1 % |
12.7 % |
14.2 % |
15.6 % |
|
|
11.4 % |
12.3 % |
12.9 % |
13.5 % |
15.0 % |
16.4 % |
|
|
12.3 % |
13.1 % |
13.7 % |
14.3 % |
15.7 % |
17.1 % |
|
|
13.4 % |
14.3 % |
14.8 % |
15.4 % |
16.7 % |
18.1 % |
|
|
14.6 % |
15.5 % |
16.0 % |
16.5 % |
17.9 % |
19.2 % |
|
5.25/lb |
15.4 % |
16.2 % |
16.7 % |
17.3 % |
18.6 % |
19.8 % |
|
|
16.1 % |
16.9 % |
17.4 % |
17.9 % |
19.2 % |
20.5 % |
|
|
17.5 % |
18.3 % |
18.8 % |
19.3 % |
20.5 % |
21.8 % |
Deposit Geology and Mineral Resource
The Vicuña Project area of the central Andes encompasses the crest of the ridge along the
The Filo del Sol alignment is an approximately 8 kilometre ("km") long, north to northeast trending series of prospects of mid-Miocene porphyry copper-gold and related epithermal mineralization. The Filo del Sol deposit lies along the alignment as an elongate 5.4 km long domain of contiguous mineralization across three zones: An older, more deeply eroded porphyry copper–gold mineralized domain in the Tamberías area; a slightly younger, partly blind to the surface porphyry copper–gold mineralized intrusions in the Aurora zone in the central domain; and deeper mineralization along a northeast trend in the Bonita area in the north. The domains together represent the mineralization around a large hydrothermal breccia centre cored by porphyry intrusions.
The Josemaria deposit area is characterized by a Late Oligocene porphyry copper-gold system, emplaced along a north-trending structural corridor, to the east of
|
_________________________________________ |
Vicuña Mineral Resource Highlights
- One of the world's largest copper, gold, and silver resources6
- Contained copper of 14 Mt M&I and 32 Mt Inferred.
- Contained gold of 36 Moz M&I and 61 Moz Inferred.
- Contained silver of 729 Moz M&I and 1,051 Moz Inferred.
- Compared to the previous Mineral Resource estimate (see news release dated
May 4, 2025 ), contained metal at Vicuña increased by approximately 23% for copper, 20% for gold, and 21% for silver, reflecting growth across Measured, Indicated, and Inferred resource categories.
The table below summarizes the Mineral Resource estimates for
Table 4. Vicuña Mineral Resource Estimate
|
100% basis |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Type |
Category |
Tonnes (Mt) |
Cu (%) |
Au (g/t) |
Ag (g/t) |
|
Cu (kt) |
|
|
||||
|
|
Measured |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
||||
|
Indicated |
1,733 |
0.46 |
0.34 |
6.0 |
|
8,031 |
19.2 |
336 |
|||||
|
|
M&I |
1,733 |
0.46 |
0.34 |
6.0 |
|
8,031 |
19.2 |
336 |
||||
|
|
Inferred |
8,721 |
0.34 |
0.18 |
2.9 |
|
29,683 |
51.5 |
823 |
||||
|
|
Measured |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
||||
|
Indicated |
467 |
0.32 |
0.27 |
2.5 |
|
1,474 |
4.1 |
38 |
|||||
|
|
M&I |
467 |
0.32 |
0.27 |
2.5 |
|
1,474 |
4.1 |
38 |
||||
|
|
Inferred |
431 |
0.23 |
0.20 |
2.2 |
|
982 |
2.7 |
30 |
||||
|
|
Measured |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
||||
|
Indicated |
301 |
- |
0.25 |
2.7 |
|
- |
2.4 |
26 |
|||||
|
|
M&I |
301 |
- |
0.25 |
2.7 |
|
- |
2.4 |
26 |
||||
|
|
Inferred |
711 |
- |
0.18 |
3.0 |
|
- |
4.1 |
69 |
||||
|
|
Measured |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
||||
|
Indicated |
71 |
0.36 |
0.36 |
119.7 |
|
254 |
0.8 |
272 |
|||||
|
|
M&I |
71 |
0.36 |
0.36 |
119.7 |
|
254 |
0.8 |
272 |
||||
|
|
Inferred |
95 |
0.08 |
0.14 |
35.1 |
|
75 |
0.4 |
108 |
||||
|
Josemaria |
Measured |
648 |
0.33 |
0.25 |
1.2 |
|
2,143 |
5.2 |
25 |
||||
|
Indicated |
961 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
1.1 |
|
2,436 |
4.5 |
33 |
|||||
|
|
M&I |
1,609 |
0.28 |
0.19 |
1.1 |
|
4,579 |
9.7 |
58 |
||||
|
|
Inferred |
683 |
0.22 |
0.11 |
1.0 |
|
1,515 |
2.5 |
22 |
||||
|
Vicuña |
Measured |
648 |
0.33 |
0.25 |
1.2 |
|
2,143 |
5.2 |
25 |
||||
|
Indicated |
3,533 |
0.34 |
0.27 |
6.2 |
|
12,195 |
30.9 |
704 |
|||||
|
|
M&I |
4,181 |
0.34 |
0.27 |
5.4 |
|
14,338 |
36.1 |
729 |
||||
|
|
Inferred |
10,641 |
0.30 |
0.18 |
3.1 |
|
32,255 |
61.3 |
1,051 |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes: |
|
1. CIM (2014) definitions were followed for Mineral Resources. |
|
2. Mineral Resources are reported on a 100% basis, in situ Mineral Resources are not Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. The Project is a 50:50 joint arrangement between |
|
3. The Qualified Person for the Filo del Sol estimates is Mr. |
|
4. Mineral Resource estimates for
• Gold Oxide: 73% gold; 63% silver recoveries with an NSR cut-off value of
• Copper and Silver Oxide: 67% copper, 63% gold, and 78% silver recoveries with an NSR cut-off value of
• Sulphide: 78% copper, 62% gold, and 62% silver recoveries with an NSR cut-off value of
• Mining cost:
• Processing cost:
• Water cost:
• Tailing cost:
• G&A cost:
• Stockpile reclaiming cost:
• ROM hauling cost:
• Sustaining mining cost:
• Sustaining tailing & mill cost:
• Refining costs:
• Treatment costs: • Royalties: 3.0% of gross payable revenue |
|
5. Mineral Resource estimates for Josemaría were constrained within a pit shell with pit slope angles of up to 45 o. Metal prices used were
• Mining cost:
• Water cost:
• Processing cost:
• Tailing cost:
• G&A cost:
• Sustaining mining cost:
• Sustaining tailing & mill cost:
• Refining costs:
• Treatment costs: • Royalties: 3.0% of gross payable revenue |
|
_______________________________________________ |
Mineral Resource Expansion
The updated Mineral Resource estimate for the Vicuña Project, effective
No new drilling was incorporated at Josemaría. Changes to the Josemaría Mineral Resource are attributable to updated metal prices and cut-off assumptions.
An ongoing drill program at Filo del Sol is focused on continued resource conversion, key mine-site condemnation drilling, and the collection of geotechnical and geometallurgical data to support ongoing technical studies.
Mining
Mining is to be carried out using conventional open pit techniques. The two deposits (
The initial mine life is 70 years with upside potential through regional exploration and identification of materialization along strike and to the east and west edges of the pit. The Company believes there are additional opportunities to further extend mine life by exploration.
Mine planning and scheduling were engineered to feed up to 64.0 Mt per year of Josemaria mineralization to the process plant. Upon commissioning of the Filo del Sol's district leaching facilities, mining at Filo del Sol will commence, increasing the total mine movement at the Project to
The Study outlines an average production profile of 400,000 tonnes of copper, 700,000 ounces of gold and 22 Moz of silver over a 25-year period with annual peak production estimates of 580,000 tonnes of copper per year, 1.1 Moz of gold per year and 56 Moz of silver per year.
Table 5. Production Profile
|
Year |
2030 |
2031 |
2032 |
2033 |
2034 |
2035 |
2036 |
2037 |
2038 |
2039 |
2040 |
2041 |
2042 |
2043 |
2044 |
2045 - 2054 |
2055 - 2100 |
|
Concentrator Feed (Mt) |
36 |
55 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
96 |
107 |
107 |
107 |
107 |
107 |
107 |
1,070 |
4,674 |
|
Copper Grade (%) |
0.42 % |
0.45 % |
0.36 % |
0.41 % |
0.38 % |
0.40 % |
0.38 % |
0.41 % |
0.33 % |
0.34 % |
0.38 % |
0.34 % |
0.39 % |
0.44 % |
0.50 % |
0.54 % |
0.32 % |
|
Gold Grade (g/t) |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
|
|
2.0 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
2.3 |
3.6 |
4.3 |
7.9 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
5.9 |
7.0 |
6.0 |
8.9 |
2.6 |
|
Copper Recovery (%) |
77 % |
81 % |
83 % |
85 % |
84 % |
83 % |
79 % |
80 % |
81 % |
82 % |
83 % |
82 % |
82 % |
84 % |
85 % |
85 % |
83 % |
|
Gold Recovery (%) |
67 % |
67 % |
67 % |
67 % |
66 % |
67 % |
54 % |
54 % |
57 % |
58 % |
59 % |
57 % |
58 % |
60 % |
61 % |
62 % |
59 % |
|
Silver Recovery (%) |
63 % |
63 % |
60 % |
63 % |
62 % |
64 % |
47 % |
48 % |
51 % |
53 % |
55 % |
52 % |
53 % |
57 % |
59 % |
59 % |
54 % |
|
Copper Recovered (kt) |
115 |
200 |
195 |
223 |
204 |
213 |
191 |
207 |
255 |
296 |
334 |
294 |
342 |
392 |
455 |
4,899 |
12,445 |
|
Gold Recovered (koz) |
325 |
458 |
419 |
451 |
344 |
303 |
350 |
384 |
617 |
677 |
684 |
555 |
552 |
657 |
763 |
7,280 |
18,981 |
|
Silver Recovered (Moz) |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
2.2 |
3.5 |
6.7 |
14.4 |
7.8 |
5.5 |
10.8 |
13.6 |
12.0 |
181.8 |
208.3 |
|
Heap Leach Feed (Mt) |
- |
- |
12 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
14 |
15 |
24 |
24 |
14 |
170 |
218 |
|
Copper Grade (%) |
- |
- |
0.26 % |
0.29 % |
0.45 % |
0.44 % |
0.34 % |
0.41 % |
0.32 % |
0.20 % |
0.35 % |
0.30 % |
0.06 % |
0.18 % |
0.21 % |
0.19 % |
0.22 % |
|
Gold Grade (g/t) |
- |
- |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
|
|
- |
- |
6.4 |
17.6 |
26.9 |
87.3 |
41.9 |
63.5 |
28.9 |
32.7 |
4.6 |
3.2 |
76.1 |
17.1 |
13.5 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
|
Copper Cathode Recovery (%) |
- |
- |
69 % |
71 % |
72 % |
67 % |
52 % |
60 % |
58 % |
57 % |
67 % |
61 % |
22 % |
47 % |
53 % |
44 % |
48 % |
|
Gold Recovery (%) |
- |
- |
53 % |
55 % |
55 % |
55 % |
56 % |
57 % |
56 % |
55 % |
63 % |
62 % |
54 % |
54 % |
63 % |
58 % |
58 % |
|
Silver Recovery (%) |
- |
- |
73 % |
75 % |
75 % |
77 % |
77 % |
77 % |
76 % |
75 % |
78 % |
76 % |
77 % |
73 % |
78 % |
70 % |
65 % |
|
Copper Recovered (kt) |
- |
- |
23 |
53 |
84 |
78 |
52 |
68 |
52 |
32 |
36 |
31 |
6 |
25 |
18 |
178 |
281 |
|
Gold Recovered (koz) |
- |
- |
111 |
193 |
135 |
129 |
143 |
171 |
167 |
152 |
84 |
84 |
135 |
120 |
63 |
734 |
975 |
|
Silver Recovered (Moz) |
- |
- |
1.8 |
10.1 |
15.6 |
52.0 |
24.8 |
37.7 |
17.0 |
19.0 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
45.1 |
9.4 |
4.7 |
20.4 |
25.7 |
|
Total Copper Recovered (kt) |
115 |
200 |
218 |
276 |
287 |
291 |
244 |
276 |
307 |
329 |
370 |
325 |
347 |
417 |
473 |
5,077 |
12,726 |
|
Total Gold Recovered (koz) |
325 |
458 |
531 |
643 |
479 |
432 |
494 |
555 |
784 |
829 |
768 |
639 |
687 |
778 |
825 |
8,014 |
19,956 |
|
Total Silver Recovered (Moz) |
1.4 |
1.6 |
3.3 |
12.2 |
17.4 |
53.6 |
27.0 |
41.2 |
23.7 |
33.4 |
9.4 |
6.7 |
55.8 |
23.0 |
16.7 |
202.1 |
234.0 |
Tonnages are rounded to the nearest 1,000 tonnes, metal grades are rounded to two decimal places. Tonnage and grade measurements are in metric units; contained gold and silver are reported as thousands of troy ounces.
Processing
Sulphide Mineralization
The process plant design is developed on conventional industry standard unit operations. Run-of-mine mineralization will be processed through crushing and grinding, followed by three stage flotation to produce a gold-rich copper concentrate. Initial installed capacity is anticipated to be 175,000 tonnes per day, the processing plant is expected to be expanded to 293,000 tonnes per day with the development of the Filo del Sol deposit. At this time Josemaria mineralization will be largely deferred to the end of the mine life and the concentrator will be fed primarily from the Filo del Sol deposit.
Run-of-mine material will be delivered from the open pit to two gyratory crushers with crushed material transported via conveyor to a covered coarse stockpile. Material will be reclaimed from the coarse stockpile and conveyed to three parallel SAG mill/Ball mill circuits. Ball mill cyclone overflow feed will feed the copper flotation process which will have a target P80 of approximately 130 µm. Conventional copper rougher flotation, followed by concentrate re-grinding and copper cleaner flotation, will result in the production of a copper concentrate with a copper grade of approximately 27%. The final concentrate will be thickened and filtered, ready for shipment by truck to a port in
Extensive metallurgical testing of mineralization at Josemaria has been conducted with prior studies. Testwork focused on the initial five years of mineralization to be processed. The program focused on metallurgical recovery, crushing, grinding, flotation, and liquid-solid separation and included testing of five lithological composites, variability samples and four annual composites. Furthermore, a large sample representing mineralization from the oxide to fresh boundary, indicative of the early years of mining, was tested in a pilot plant to improve confidence and confirm bench scale assumptions.
At Filo del Sol, additional metallurgical testing programs were carried out as part of the Study to support the development of the flowsheet. The additional testing primarily focused on the different lithologies and composite samples at Filo del Sol to test variability and characterization of mineralization zones, grind size and leach extraction. Based on recent and historical metallurgical test work, recovery equations were generated and applied at the block level. These equations estimated overall average recoveries in the prospective LOM as 83.4% for copper, 59.5% for gold and 55.8% for silver.
Oxide Mineralization
Stage 2 introduces leaching facilities at the Filo del Sol site, targeting a heap leaching capacity of up to 90,000 tpd (all mineralization types). Facilities are designed for two main mineralization types (blended material and gold rich material), with distinct processing streams.
A target of 60,000 tpd of blended mineralization will undergo crushing and scrubbing to remove sulfate minerals prior to copper oxide recovery by leaching on an on/off heap leach pad. Primary crushed material will be transported via a series of surface conveyors and mobile stacking equipment to the various leach pads. Following copper extraction, the processed material will be reclaimed and transferred to the permanent gold heap leach pad for subsequent gold and silver recovery.
In parallel, 30,000 tpd of run-of-mine AuOx mineralization will be transported directly to the gold dump leach pad, where conventional gold leaching will facilitate gold and silver extraction.
The Study contemplates conventional open pit mining methods. The oxide material will have a mine life of 35 years with a maximum mining rate of 72 Mt per year. A total of approximately
The pregnant leach solution (PLS) derived from the on/off pad, together with effluent from the acid-washing circuit, will be pumped to the Solvent Extraction and Electrowinning (SX/EW) plant for the production of high-purity copper cathodes. Leach solutions from the gold heap leach and dump leach pads will be directed to the Merrill-Crowe plant, where gold and silver will be recovered via cementation on zinc dust before proceeding to retorting and smelting, resulting in doré production.
Filo del Sol Sulphide Mineralization
Stage 3 involves the processing of
In Stage 3, the existing three-line concentrator configuration is adapted and expanded to five lines to accommodate
The enhanced facility offers greater operational flexibility by enabling simultaneous, yet independent, processing of Josemaria and
Tailings Management
Sulphide tailings generated at the process plant will be segregated into rougher and cleaner tailings streams and discharged via pipelines to a tailings storage facility (TSF) for permanent storage. Thickened slurry tailings will be managed at four main TSFs and progressively developed throughout the mine operating life.
All TSF dams are designed as zoned earthfill/rockfill embankments and will be raised using the downstream construction method. Runoff will be managed within each TSF and reclaimed to the process plant throughout the mine life.
Capital & Operating Costs
For Stage 1, the Study contemplates a 40-month capital development and construction timeline that includes a 6-month commissioning period. Total initial capital cost for Stage 1 is estimated at
The Study outlines a comprehensive development plan for Stage 1, encompassing construction of the concentrator and development of the Josemaria mine. The capital estimates and operating cost estimates are established from first principles.
For Stage 1 estimates were completed to a class 3, contingency has been applied to the estimate on an area and discipline basis, variances ranged from -15% to +20% depending on the area and level of quotation. The Stages 2 and 3 estimate are completed to a class 5 and variances range from -35% to +50%.
Table 6. Vicuña Capital Cost Estimate
|
Item |
Stage 1 Capital |
Stage 2 Capital |
Stage 3 Capital |
|
Mine |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
|
Crushing and Processing |
1.1 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
|
Tailings Management |
0.2 |
0 |
0.1 |
|
On-Site Infrastructure |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
|
Off-Site Infrastructure |
0.8 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
|
Subtotal Direct Costs |
3.7 |
2.1 |
3.8 |
|
Indirect Costs |
2.0 |
1.0 |
1.8 |
|
Subtotal Direct and Indirect |
5.6 |
3.1 |
5.6 |
|
Owner's Costs |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
Contingency |
0.9 |
0.7 |
1.4 |
|
Total |
7.1 |
3.9 |
7.1 |
Table 7. Vicuña Cash Cost and AISC
|
Costs |
Initial 25 Years ($B) |
LOM ($B) |
|
Mining |
|
|
|
Processing – Concentrator |
|
|
|
Processing – SXEW |
|
|
|
Site Services and water |
|
|
|
Concentrate Freight |
|
|
|
G&A |
|
|
|
Amortization |
|
|
|
Realization Costs |
|
|
|
Royalties |
|
|
|
By-product Credits |
( |
( |
|
Total Cash Costs |
( |
|
|
Cash Cost per pound sold |
( |
|
|
Sustaining capital including |
|
|
|
Total AISC |
|
|
|
AISC per pound sold |
|
|
Cash cost per pound sold, operating costs per tonne processed, and AISC per pound sold are non-GAAP financial measures, and sustaining capital expenditure is a supplementary financial measure. Please see "Cautionary Note Regarding Non-GAAP Measures".
Infrastructure
On-site infrastructure includes a road network, processing plant, mine support facilities, power and water supply and distribution, camp facilities and water and sewage treatment facilities. The site infrastructure layout has been designed to provide a relatively direct flow of material from mine to tailings storage. The plant facilities were arranged to minimize civil earthwork and locate major equipment in areas with favourable geotechnical characteristics while maximizing gravity-assisted material flow where possible.
Permanent site access will be provided via an upgraded 220 km access road (
Water Supply and Distribution
Groundwater sources will be developed to provide fresh water supply to the plant site and ancillary facilities during Stage 1 and Stage 2. Three groundwater well field locations have been identified for the supply of fresh water.
Water from the well fields will be pumped to a freshwater pond adjacent to the plant site. The freshwater will be distributed throughout the site from storage tanks, which will maintain dedicated firewater reserves for the fire protection system.
The long-term water supply is expected to be augmented by a desalinated seawater system from
Power
During Stage 1, electrical power for the Vicuña Project will be supplied from the Argentine national grid via an interconnection point located near the town of Rodeo. A new 500 kV transmission line will extend 167 km north to the newly established Chaparro Substation, where the transmission voltage will transition from 500 kV (single-circuit) to 220 kV (double-circuit). A 220 kV double-circuit transmission line will then continue from Chaparro to the main Josemaria Substation. This infrastructure is designed to support the load requirements for both Stage 1 and Stage 2 (a combined total of 380 MW).
To meet the ultimate power demand for all phases (approximately 738 MW), the Project will require expansion of the Chaparro Substation, installation of a second transformer bank, additional reactive-power compensation at Chaparro, a new 220 kV Chaparro–Josemaria transmission line, and construction of a new 500 kV Chaparro–La Rioja Sur transmission line, accompanied by the requisite upgrades at the La Rioja Sur Substation. This expansion scope is anticipated to be constructed to support the Stage 3 Filo del Sol sulphides and mill expansion.
Concentrate Treatment
The copper concentrate recovered from the Filo del Sol pit is anticipated to have elevated arsenic content, necessitating its removal to enhance suitability for smelter processing. Accordingly, a copper concentrate roasting plant is proposed to support the Stage 3 Filo del Sol sulphides and mill expansion. The plant will be designed to process 1.3 Mt of concentrate annually, utilizing two independent lines to meet production requirements. The roasting operation is projected to produce a marketable calcine.
Concentrate Transportation
The concentrate transportation system will initially involve the trucking of concentrate using rotainers under a logistics contract from the Stage 1 Josemaria mine site to a Chilean port. This route will utilize the
To accommodate the increased throughput associated with the Stage 3 Filo del Sol sulphides and mill expansion, a new concentrate pipeline and the associated pumping system will be installed to link the concentrator with the designated roaster.
Desalination Plant & Pipeline
Water supply for Stage 1 is expected to be sourced from the wellfields previously described. To accommodate the Stage 3 Filo del Sol mine expansion and mill expansion, a desalinated seawater system has been proposed along the Chilean coast, engineered to deliver 2,000 L/s to the Vicuña Project. This initiative includes the development of a dedicated seawater intake, a desalination facility, and a pipeline extending across mountainous terrain to the freshwater pond at the mill site. If makeup water requirements surpass the pipeline's 2,000 L/s capacity, supplemental supply from wellfields will be available to ensure consistent reliability during dry years.
The Study assumes that the desalination plant, water pipeline, concentrate pipeline and roaster would be in a separate infrastructure company that would finance the development. Financial costs were included as operating costs with an assumed margin and capital payback.
Permitting
The Vicuña Project spans
Corporate Social Responsibility
The Project spans diverse communities in San Juan in
Engagement will intensify during construction. Over the life of mine, Vicuña will maintain ongoing dialogue, support shared-value initiatives, and ensure that communities are active participants in project-related planning. Collectively, these initiatives position the Vicuña Project to advance in alignment with regulatory expectations, community priorities, and internationally recognized industry practice.
Benefits to
The development of the Project is expected to provide substantial economic benefits to
It is estimated that during production, the Project will contribute about
Through the development of modern infrastructure and cross-border integration, Vicuña will support broader economic development in
The Company intends to continue with to work with its partner, BHP, and Vicuña on a work plan to advance the Vicuña Project to production, key activities and milestones include:
- Ongoing detailed engineering and design activities for Stage 1.
- Trade off studies and optimization of Stages 2 & 3.
- Initiate construction of the
North Access Road . - Further advancement of project readiness and training initiatives in preparation of self-perform early earthworks.
- Advancement of financing structure within Vicuña to fund construction.
- Approval of the Incentive Regime for Large Investments under the Long-Term Strategic Export Projects designation (RIGI PEELP) application in
Argentina . - Receipt of the Project permit amendment.
The next phase for the Vicuña Project is detailed design and engineering. The technical team will focus on advancing engineering in order to prepare procurement and other activities to support an efficient project start-up and mitigate risks of increasing lead times and variable international logistics.
The information in this release is subject to the disclosure requirements of
Cautionary Statement Regarding the PEA
The reader is advised that the PEA summarized in this news release is only a conceptual study of the potential viability of the Project, and the economic and technical viability of the Project and its estimated Mineral Resources has not been demonstrated. The PEA is preliminary in nature and provides only an initial, high-level review of the Project's potential and design options; there is no certainty that the PEA will be realized. The PEA conceptual mine plan and economic model include numerous assumptions and Mineral Resource estimates including Inferred Mineral Resource estimates. Inferred Mineral Resource estimates are considered to be too speculative geologically to have any economic considerations applied to such estimates. There is no guarantee that Inferred Mineral Resource estimates will be converted to Indicated or Measured Mineral Resources, or that Indicated or Measured Mineral Resources can be converted to Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability, and as such there is no guarantee the Project economics described herein will be achieved. Mineral Resource estimates may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant risks, uncertainties and other factors, as more particularly described herein and to be described in the Technical Report.
Qualified Person Statements and Related Disclosure
The Technical Report summarizing the results of the Study is being prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 and will be filed under the Company's profile on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca within 45 days of this news release. The Qualified Persons (as defined under NI 43-101) named below have reviewed and verified the scientific and technical information in respect to the Study in this news release and approve the written disclosure of such information.
The Qualified Persons are:
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr. Kirk Hanson, P.E., Managing Member,
Mr.
Mr.
In accordance with applicable Canadian securities laws, all Mineral Resource estimates disclosed or referenced in this news release have been prepared in accordance with the disclosure standards of, and have been classified in accordance with
Mineral Resource estimates are shown on a 100% basis. The Project is a 50:50 joint arrangement between
The Qualified Persons have reviewed and verified the sampling and analytical procedures, results of the QAQC program, database, domain interpretation, estimation parameters and validation of the block model and are of the opinion that Vicuña and their consultants have adopted a generally prudent and acceptable approach to their estimates. There was no limitation on the verification process. The Qualified Persons are not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant factors that could materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate.
Mineral Resource Estimation
The Vicuña Mineral Resource estimate was prepared using commercial mine software and geostatistical software. The Mineral Resource estimates for
Metal grades were interpolated using top-cut Ordinary Kriging for
Metallurgical testing demonstrates that oxide mineralization at Filo del Sol is amenable to heap leach operations to produce copper cathode and gold/silver doré. Hypogene mineralization at Josemaria and
This Mineral Resource estimate is also based upon the reasonable prospect of eventual economic extraction based on an optimized pit, using cost assumptions consistent with the integrated Preliminary Economic Assessment. The pit optimization results are used solely for testing the "reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction" and do not represent an attempt to estimate Mineral Reserves. Conceptual pits for both deposits were generated using
Cautionary Note Regarding Non-GAAP Measures
The Company has included herein certain performance measures ("Non-GAAP measures") further described below. These performance measures have no standardized meaning within generally accepted accounting principles under International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar data presented by other mining companies. While there is no standardized meaning of each Non-GAAP measure across the industry, the Company believes that each such measure is useful to external users in assessing operating performance. These measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The Vicuña Project does not currently have operations and therefore does not have historical equivalent measures to compare to. As such, the Company cannot perform a reconciliation of these Non-GAAP measures.
Cash Cost (Net of By-Product Credits) per pound sold
Cash cost includes costs directly attributable to mining operations (including mining, processing and administration), treatment, refining and transportation charges and royalties. Cash Cost includes offsite infrastructure to be funded by a third party and is included in operating costs. Revenue from sales of by-products reduce cash cost. Cash cost per pound sold is calculated by dividend cash cost by the copper sales volume.
All-In Sustaining Cost (Net of By-Product Credits) per pound sold
All-In Sustaining Cost includes cash cost (as defined above), sustaining capital expenditure (including deferred stripping), reclamation costs and lease payments (cash basis). All-In Sustaining Cost per pound sold is calculated by dividing AISC by the copper sales volume.
Sustaining capital expenditure
Sustaining capital expenditure is a supplementary financial measure and defined as cash-basis expenditures which maintain operations and sustain production levels.
Expansionary capital expenditures
Expansionary capital expenditure is defined as cash-basis expenditures which increase production capacity, cash flow or earnings potential and are reported excluding capitalized interest. Where an expenditure both maintains and expands current operations, classification would be based on the primary decision for which the expenditure is being made.
Free cash flow
Free cash flow is defined as cash flow provided by operating activities, deducting sustaining capital expenditures and expansionary capital expenditures (both as defined above).
Operating costs per tonne milled
Operating costs per tonne milled is a supplementary financial measure calculated as operating costs divided by tonnes milled.
Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information
Certain of the statements made and information contained herein are "forward-looking information" within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this document constitute forward-looking information, including but not limited to statements regarding the Company's plans, prospects and business strategies and strategic vision and aspirations and their achievement and timing; the results of the Vicuña Project PEA, including but not limited to the Mineral Resource estimate and the parameters and assumptions used to estimate the Mineral Resources, future expansion of the Mineral Resource estimate and the Project, the life of mine, the life of mine plan, commencement of production, mining methods, estimated workforce and equipment requirements, production estimates and production profile, processing estimates, mining rates, metal grades and production and recovery rates, process flowsheet, costs and expenditures (including capital, sustaining and operating costs, cash costs and AISC) and the timing thereof, economic metrics and sensitivities, estimated economic results (including Project economics, economic metrics, financial performance, revenues, cash flows, earnings, NPV and IRR) and the parameters and assumptions used to estimate the economic results, geological and mineralization interpretations, exploration and development activities, timelines and similar statements relating to the economic viability of the Project, tailings management, Project infrastructure requirements (including tailings storage facilities, water, power, copper concentrate roasting facilities, pipelines, transportation systems, and desalination plant and pipeline), Project development and construction plans (including staged development, Project Stages, sequencing, timing, costs and the effects and benefits), Project permitting (including timelines and expected receipts of approvals, consents and permits, and the effects thereof), sanctioning of the Project and the timing thereof, community and social engagement and corporate social responsibility matters, economic, fiscal and other benefits of the Project to local communities, host-countries, shareholders and other stakeholders, the Vicuña Project Technical Report and the timing thereof; Project studies (including technical, environmental and social studies); the RIGI application and the timing and benefits thereof; the size and scale of the Vicuña Project, and the potential for the Vicuña Project to be a world-class project ranking among the top five copper, gold and silver mines globally; the Company's credit facility and the amendments thereto, including upsizing, expected terms thereof, timing of execution of definitive documentation, availability of committed amounts, anticipated increases in capacity of the amended credit facility upon satisfaction of conditions and project milestones, pricing, and the expected maturity date; the use of the credit facility; Project funding and the Company's expectations regarding its funding strategy and its work with BHP; the Company's guidance on the timing and amount of future production and its expectations regarding the results of operations; expected financial performance, including expected earnings, revenue, cash flow, costs, expenditures and other financial metrics; permitting requirements and timelines; the Company's ability to comply with contractual and permitting or other regulatory requirements; timing and possible outcome of pending litigation and disputes, including tax disputes; the timing and expectations of future studies; the results of any Preliminary Economic Assessment, Pre- Feasibility Study, Feasibility Study, or Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimations, life of mine estimates, and mine and mine closure plans; anticipated market prices of metals, currency exchange rates, and interest rates; the development and implementation of the Company's Responsible Mining Management System; the Company's ability to comply with contractual and permitting or other regulatory requirements; anticipated exploration and development activities at the Company's projects; the Company's integration of acquisitions and expansions and any anticipated benefits thereof, including the anticipated project development and other plans and expectations with respect to the 50/50 joint arrangement with BHP; the Company's growth and optimization initiatives and expansionary projects, and the potential costs, outcomes, results and impacts thereof and timing thereof; the realization of synergies and economies of scale in the Vicuña district; the potential for resource expansion; the operation of the Vicuña Project with BHP; expected processing capacities and infrastructure development; the timing and expectations for future regulatory applications; the anticipated economic and fiscal benefits to
Forward-looking information is necessarily based upon various estimates and assumptions including, without limitation, the expectations and beliefs of management, including with respect to the Company's business, operations, strategies and growth and expansion plans; that no significant event will occur outside of the Company's normal course of business and operations (other than as set out herein); assumed and future prices of copper, gold, silver and other metals; anticipated costs; commodity prices; currency exchange rates and interest rates; ability to achieve goals; the prompt and effective integration of acquisitions and the realization of synergies and economies of scale in connection therewith; that the political, economic, permitting and legal environment in which the Company operates will continue to support the development and operation of mining projects; timing and receipt of governmental, regulatory and third party approvals, consents, licenses and permits (including the RIGI application) and their renewals; the geopolitical, economic, permitting and legal climate that the Company operates in; legal and regulatory requirements; positive relations with local groups; sanctioning, construction, development, commissioning and ramp-up timelines; access to sufficient infrastructure (including water and power), equipment and labour; the accuracy of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates and related information, analyses and interpretations; assumptions underlying life-of-mine plans; geotechnical and hydrogeological conditions; assumptions underlying economic analyses (including economic analysis of the Study); the Company's ability to comply with contractual and permitting or other regulatory requirements; operating conditions, capital and operating cost estimates; production and processing estimates; the results, costs and timing of future exploration activities; economic viability of the Company's operations and development projects; the Company's ability to satisfy the terms and conditions of its debt obligations; the adequacy of the Company's financial resources, and its ability to raise any necessary additional capital on reasonable terms; favourable equity and debt capital markets; stability in financial capital markets; the completion of the amended credit facility on the terms anticipated or at all; the timing of satisfaction of conditions precedent to and the Company's ability to meet the conditions of the amended credit facility; the ability of the Company to access committed amounts, including on the anticipated schedule and upon the satisfaction of certain conditions such as sanctioning Stage 1 of the Vicuña Project; the successful sanctioning, permitting and development of the Vicuña Project and commencement of production; successful completion of the Company's projects and initiatives (including the Project) within budget and expected timelines; and such other assumptions as set out herein, in the Project Technical Report when filed, and in other applicable public disclosure documents of the Company, as well as those related to the factors set forth below. While these factors and assumptions are considered reasonable by
All of the forward-looking information in this document are qualified by these cautionary statements. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated, forecasted or intended and readers are cautioned that the foregoing list is not exhaustive of all factors and assumptions which may have been used. Should one or more of these risks and uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in forward-looking information. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that forward-looking information will prove to be accurate and forward-looking information is not a guarantee of future performance. Readers are advised not to place undue reliance on forward-looking information. The forward-looking information contained herein speaks only as of the date of this document. The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise forward ‐ looking information or to explain any material difference between such and subsequent actual events, except as required by applicable law.
SOURCE